Nubwo abantu bemera ko Yezu/Yesu yabayeho nk’umuntu muri kahise, baremera kandi ko itariki y’amavuko yiwe itazwi neza.
Nta nyandiko canke icanditswe ca kera kivuga umusi wiwe w’amavuko kandi itariki 25 Kigarama (12), umusi abakristu bahimbarizako ivuka ryiwe, yashinzwe hafatiwe ku vyo bari basanzwe bahimbaza mu migirwa ya kera.
Iki ni kimwe mu bituma abakristu/abakristo bamwebamwe badahimbaza Noweli, ibitandukanye n’Abakatolika hamwe n’Abaporotisanti benshi bayifata nk’umusi ukomeye.
“Abadiventisti b’umusi w’indwi nta cemezo/ciyumviro gitomoye bafise ku bijanye n’uwo musi mukuru. Amashengero amwe arawuhimbaza, ayandi ntawuhimbaza. Mu Bapentekoti, naho nyene ibintu biratandukanye. Hariho amashengero ahimbaza Noweli n’ayandi atayihimbaza. Amashengero ya none ni yo akenshi ayihimbaza,” ni ko umuhinga mu vy’imibano Edin Sued Abumanssur, umwigisha muri Kaminuza Katorika y’i São Paulo (PUC-SP), yabwiye BBC News Brasil.
Asigura ati: “Mu bisanzwe, abatayihimbaza bavuga ko ari umusi mukuru w’abapagani. Inkomoko ni iya gipagani vy’ukuri, ariko idini rya gikristu ryafashe imisi mikuru myinshi y’abapagani riyigororera ku misi mikuru yaryo igihe ryariko riraguka.
“Abandi bavuga ko itariki Yezu yavukiyeko itazwi neza, bakabona rero ko ata mvo babona yo kuyihimbaza ku wa 25 Kigarama”.
Abumanssur yongerako y’uko “bamwe babona ko ata nyungu yo guhimbaza Noweli kuko ivuka rya Yezu nta kintu kinini rimaze mu nyigisho z’agakiza”.
Kuri bo, “ikintu nyamukuru ni urupfu n’izuka vya Yezu”, nk’uko abivuga.
Mu bisanzwe, ivuka rya Yezu canke mbere n’igihe yavukiyeko nta na hamwe bivugwa mu buryo butaziguye mu bitabo vy’Injili bisigura iki gihe, ni ukuvuga Injili za Luka na Matayo.
Ivyabona vya Yehova basigura iki kibazo bafatiye ku vyanditswe mu gitabo kigenga idini ryabo. Muri iki gitabo, basigura ko badahimbaza Noweli bafatiye ku mirongo yo muri Bibiliya.
Bavuga bati: “Yezu yadutegetse kwibuka urupfu rwiwe, ntiyadutegetse kwibuka ivuka ryiwe”, bagafatira ku gice kivuga ivyo bita ifunguro rya nyuma ry’umugoroba, aho yasavye abigishwa kwama bakora uwo mugenzo, hanyuma ati “Ivyo murabigire munyibuka”.
Abanywanyi b’iri dini na bo nyene bafatira kw’ikete Paulo yandikiye Abakorenti/Abakorinto mu kwemeza ko uno musi mukuru “ukomoka ku mico n’imigenzo y’abapagani” kandi ko, kubera iyo mvo, “twemera ko Noweli itemewe n’Imana “.
Umuhinga Cleberson Dias mu bijanye n’amadini yanditse igitabo ku Vyabona vya Yehova, yabwiye BBC ko amamuko y’uno musi atari aya gikristu atuma Ivyabona vya Yehova bafata uno musi “nk’ikintu kibi” nubwo wahawe iyindu ntumbero muri kahise.
“Nta kintu na kimwe cemeza ko Yezu yavutse ku wa 25 Kigarama; itariki y’amavuko nta na hamwe ivugwa muri Bibiliya”, niko Ivyabona vya Yehova bavuga.
“Abatumwa ba mbere ba Yezu ntibahimbaza Noweli. Igitabo nkonganyabitabo (encyclopédie) Barsa kivuga ko “umusi mukuru wa Noweli watangujwe ku mugaragaro n’umusenyeri w’umuromani Liberius mu mwaka wa 354”, inyuma y’imyaka irenga 200 umutumwa wa nyuma apfuye.
Mu nkuru yanditswe mu 2013, umupasitori w’Umudiventisti Carlos Hein yibuka ko Ellen G. White (1827-1915) yashinze ishengero ry’Abadiventisti b’umunsi w’indwi, yasize amajambo 26 avuga kuri Noweli mu nyandiko ziwe – amwe muri yo abonwa nko kwiyamiriza ihimbazwa ry’uno musi, ikintu kigicanishijemwo abanywanyi b’iri shengero gushika uno musi.
Umupfasoni White yanditse ko Imana yoba yaranyegeje”umusi nyezina w’ivuka rya Kristu” kugira ngo uwo musi “ntuhave uhabwa icubahiro categerezwa guhabwa Kristu nk’umucunguzi w’isi”.
Yaraneguye kandi ingene abantu bakoresha uburyo bwinshi kuri uno musi.
Ati: “Abantu ntibategerezwa guhatirwa cane kugura ubushimwe bwa Noweli n’Umwaka Mushasha. Ubushimwe dutoya ku bana ntaco butwaye, ariko abantu b’Imana ntibategerezwa gusesagura amahera yabo ku bushimwe buzimvye”.
Mu nkuru yiwe, Hein abona ko “dushobora gukuramwo umuco mu bijanye no gushobora guhimbaza [uno musi] biturutse ku bintu bimwe bimwe”. Asubiramwo amajambo y’umupfasoni White, aho avuga ko iyi tariki yamaze kuba umugenzo kw’isi, rero ko “bigoye kuwurengana umuntu atawuhaye ikibanza kanaka” kandi ko ari “akaryo gashobora gukoreshwa mu ntumbero nziza”.
Mu yandi majambo, abona ko umunezero n’icipfuzo co gutanga ubushimwe bikwiye kwerekezwa mu bikorwa vyiza.
Amashengero amwe amwe y’ivugabutumwa asaba kandi abanywanyi bayo kudahimbaza Noweli, kudashariza amazu yabo kandi ntibanagure n’ubushimwe bugenewe uwo musi – mu bisanzwe, imvo zitangwa ni uko uno musi wabaye umusi mukuru wo gusesagura amatungo amasabamana agashirwa inyuma.
Umuhinga mu vy’Imana hamwe na kahise, Gerson Leite de Moraes, na we agira ati: “Hariho amashengero avuga ko Noweli yatangujwe mu nyuma kandi ko ari na co gituma ayiyamiriza”.
“Mu bisanzwe, ni utudumbidumbi [mu bakristu]. Muri rusangi, abakristu nka bose barahimbaza Noweli”.
Uku kutabona ibintu kumwe kwaribonekeje mu bindi bihe vya kahise. Mu 1644 nk’akarorero, abapuritani b’Abongereza barafashe ingingo yo gukuraho Noweli maze uno musi mukuru urabuzwa mu Bwongereza gushika mu 1660. Iri tegeko ryaje guhinduka Umwami Charles II (1630-1685) ashitse ku ngoma.
Hariko kandi abakristu bahimbaza Noweli ku yandi matariki. Mu gitabo ciwe The History of Christmas, umwanditsi w’umukatorika Wyatt North yerekana ko amatariki atandukanye hagati y’amashengero agendera kuri kahise k’ubuseruko n’ayagendera ku burengero.
Asigura ati: “Nubwo 25 Kigarama yabaye itariki yemewe i Roma yo guhimbarizako ivuka rya Yezu, Ishengero rya Yeruzalemu, gushika mu kinjana ca gatandatu, be no muri Antiyokiya na Constaninople, hamwe kandi no mu Misiri, ihimbazwa ku wa 6 Nzero (ukwezi kwa mbere) […] ».
Yongerako ati: “Uko igihe cagiye kirarenga, igenekerezo rya 6 Nzero ryafatanijwe n’urugendo rw’Abamajusi Batatu, amaherezo rivamwo riba umusi wo guhimbaza nk’uko Noweli ihimbazwa. Uno musi, abakristu bo muri Arménie n’aba-Orthodox bo mu Burusiya bahimbaza Noweli ku wa 6 n’uwa 7 Nzero”.
Ivyerekeye Ishengero rya Yezu Kristu ry’Aberanda b’Imisi ya Nyuma (l’Église de Jésus-Christ des Saints des Derniers Jours), rizwi cane kw’izina ry’Ishengero ry’Aba-Mormon, ni ikintu kidasanzwe. Ica mbere ni uko kumbure ari ryo dini ryonyene rivuga ko rizi, “ata gukekeranya”, itariki Yezu yavukiyeko.
Ku bwo uwashinze iri shengero, Joseph Smith (1805-1844), uno musi woba ari igenekerezo rya 6 Ndamukiza (4), itariki iri shengero ryashingiweko mu 1830. Imana ni yo yoba yawuhishuriye Smith.
Ku rundi ruhande, Aba-Mormon bahimbaza Noweli ku wa 25 Kigarama kubera ko bemera y’uko iyo tariki yatowe n’abamisiyonari ba mbere b’abakirisu kugira ngo bayihimbaze, mu guha insobanuro nshasha imisi mikuru y’abapagani yari isanzwe itegurwa ico gihe
North asigura ko ingorane y’uko ata tariki nyezina canke ngereranyo y’ivuka rya Yezu ihari iva kandi ku kuntu “ibirangamisi bitandukanye” vyakora vyose ico gihe.
Ati: “Biragoye guhagarika ubwato mu kiyaga kidatekanye. Abakirisu ba mbere bari bafise ibirangamisi [bitandukanye] : ic’Abayahudi, ic’Abaroma n’ic’Abanyamisiri, bishingiye ku mizunguruko y’ukwezi n’izuba”.
Kuva ku musi mukuru w’abapagani gushika kuri Père Noël: insobanuro nyinshi
Ahavuye isanamu,Domaine public
Umuhinga Moraes agira ati: “Turavye kahise ka Noweli, dusanga kumbure ari wo musi mukuru w’abakristu wagiye uhindagurika cane uko ibihe vyagenda”.
Muri iyi ntumbero, umusi mukuru uba mu gihe c’imbeho nyinshi (hiver) mu gice c’uburaruko bw’isi watanguye mu bihe vya mbere vya kera cane vy’iterambere.
Umushakashatsi akaba n’umwanditsi Andy Thomas asigura mu gitabu ciwe Christmas – A Short History From Solstice to Santa ati: “Ni ivy’ukuri yuko kera cane imbere y’uko Noweli iba Noweli, mu gice cose c’uburaruko hariho ibiruhuko vy’urushana bikikuje ico ibirangamisi vya none vyita uwa 25 Kigarama”.
Igihe c’ubukonje aho izuba ryaba riri kure cane y’umurongo ngaburasi, cari co ntango y’igihe c’impeshi cakurikira.
Asigura ati: “Ku ba kera, cari igihe gikomeye, kuko catanga umwizero ko ubuzima bwari gusubira kuba bwiza”.
Abaromani ba kera bahimbaza imana y’Izuba idatsindwa ico gihe. Ariko ntibari bonyene – kandi ibirori bishobora kuba vyari bikomeye kubera vyahuza abantu baba bafise ukwemera gutandukanye.
Abahinga mu vya kahise Mary Beard na John North, mu gitabo cabo Religions of Rome, bemeza ko umusi mukuru w’imana Mithra muri ico gihe c’umwaka wamara indwi yose, kandi urimwo ibirori vy’imiryango, imfungurwa nziza nziza kandi bagahana n’udushimwe.
Iyi mana y’ubwenge, Mithra, ikomoka mu mico y’Abaperesi kandi yerekana intsinzi y’umuco ku mwiza, y’iciza ku kibi.
Saturne na yo nyene yariko iraronka ikibanza, mw’isabukuru yari izwi nka Saturnales. Vyari bimenyerewe ko bibuka iyi mana y’uburimyi muri iki gihe c’inaguka. Thomas asigura ati: “Imisi mikuru ya Saturnales yaba irimwo ibinyobwa vyinshi, ibirori mbere n’uguhinduriranira amabanga: kuri uwo musi, abakuru b’imiryango barashobora kugaburira abashumba babo ivyo kurya uwo musi, aho kuba ari bo babagaburira”.
Mbere imisi mikuru y’abaromani yarashizwe mw’itegeko ry’umwami w’abami Lucius Domitius Aurélien (214-275), yafashe ingingo ko ugusenga Sol Invictus ari ngombwa.
Igihe ubukirisu bwari bushitse i Roma, inyuma y’intwaro za Flavius Valerius Konsitantino (272-337) na Flavius Tewodosius (346-395), izuba ridatsindwa vyarangiye rihindutse umuntu: Yezu.
Thomas avuga ko “nubwo hari ivyo tubona muri kahise vyagiye bifatirwako mu gufata ko uwa 25 Kigarama ari umusi w’ivuka rya Yezu [aho ihimbazwa ry’umusi mukuru wiwe rivugwa ko ryabaye mu mwaka wa 336]”, uno musi watanguye kwemezwa nk’umusi mukuru nyezina i Roma mu 354.
Moraes ati: “Si Ekleziya yategetse uno musi, ariko ni imigirwa y’idini yariko ikwirakwira hose. Umusi mukuru wasa n’uwo gukwiragiza ubutumwa wariko uratsimbatara, mu ntumbero yo kwigisha abapagani ubutumwa bw’Imana”.
Mu binjana vyakurikiye, uno musi mukuru wagiye wakira iyindi migirwa yava mu yindi mico, nk’uko Thomas abivuga. Mu vyo abo mu buraruko bemera, iguruka rya Odin mu kirere ricapurwa nka Père Noël ari ku nkorofani iguruka. Nkako, igishusho ca gikirisu ca Nicolas mweranda, umusenyeri w’umugwaneza yaha udushimwe abana, ni we yacitse Père Noël ikoreshwa cane muri iki gihe – ivyatumye ihimbazwa ry’uno musi mukuru uba ku rugero rugezweho.
Umugenzo w’uburaruko wo gutanga ibimazi vy’ibikoko kumbure ushobora kuba ari wo watumye habaho ikizwi nk’imeza iteye igomwe (table généreuse ), nk’uko Thomas abibona. Kandi ni abantu bifise b’i Bulaya, mu ngendo y’ubwibone, batsimbataje umugenzo wo gutanga udushimwe muri iki gihe c’umwaka.
Ibi vyose vyahavuye bifata iyindi shusho ku mugabane wa Amerika, cane cane i New York mu kinjana ca 19.
Thomas agira ati: “Nubwo abimukira b’abapuritani babujije Noweli guhera mu myaka ya 1800, guhimbaza Noweli mu mabarabara yo muri Amerika vyacitse umugenzo w’ibihe bitandukanye. Ivyo vyasa n’ibiryoshe kuri ba nyarucari bitabira ibi birori, kuko kaba ari akaryo ko gusamara. Ariko bivanye n’ukwiyongera kw’abantu muri New York, aho biyongereye incuro cumi hagati y’umwaka wa 1850 n’uwa 1900, abatunzi bahavuye batangura gutinya yuko iyo misi mikuru yo mu mabarabara yohava yadukamwo imigumuko”.
“Ni co gituma incabwenge zaciye zitanguza iciyumviro co guhimbariza Noweli mu rugo, bagahana udushimwe mu rugo. Imiryango y’abantu baciriritse, ihimbawe no kubona abana bayo bigiwe kure y’ivyo babona ko ari ibintu vyashobora kubagirira nabi, yaciye ubwo nyene ikomeza iki ciyumviro”.
“Mu 1867, kugura ibikinisho vyari urudandazwa rukomeye cane ku buryo iduka ry’i New York ryitwa Macy’s ryaguma ryuguruye gushika isaha zitandatu z’ijoro buca ari umunsi mukuru wa Noweli. Mu kinjana ca 20, igihe Amerika y’inyuma y’intambara yatangura kwigirwako mu guhimbaza Noweli kw’isi yose, gutanga udushimwe vyacitse ikintu kidahara mu bihugu vyinshi bihimbaza uwo musi mukuru”.
Inkuru dukesha BBC.
